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Mycotoxins
in Feeds: CVM’s Perspective
Michael H. Henry, Ph.D.
Division of Animal Feeds
Center for Veterinary Medicine
Food and Drug Administration
Phone: 240-453-6861
E-mail: Mike.Henry@fda.hhs.gov
Presentation for Risk Management
Agency
August 23, 2006 in Austin, Texas
http://www.fda.gov/cvm/fdaaustintx823.htm
Action levels for total
aflatoxins in livestock feed
| Class
of Animals |
Feed |
Aflatoxin Level |
| Finishing
beef cattle |
Corn and peanut products |
300 ppb |
| Beef cattle,
swine or poultry |
Cottonseed meal |
300 ppb |
| Finishing
swine over 100 lb. |
Corn and peanut products
|
200 ppb |
Breeding
cattle, breeding
swine and mature poultry |
Corn and peanut products |
100 ppb |
| Immature
animals |
Animal feeds and ingredients,
excluding cottonseed meal |
20 ppb |
| Dairy animals,
animals not listed above, or unknown use |
Animal feeds and ingredients |
20 ppb |
Guidance levels for total
fumonisins in animal feeds
| Class
of Animal |
Feed Ingredients
& Portion of Diet |
Levels in Corn
& Corn By-products |
Levels in Finished
Feeds |
| Equids and
Rabbits |
Corn and corn by-products
not to exceed 20% of the diet ** |
5 ppm |
1 ppm |
| Swine and
Catfish |
Corn and corn by-products
not to exceed 50% of the diet** |
20 ppm |
10 ppm |
| Breeding
Ruminants, Breeding Poultry and Breeding Mink* |
Corn and corn by-products
not to exceed 50% of the diet** |
30 ppm |
15 ppm |
| Ruminants
>=3 Months Old being Raised for Slaughter and Mink being Raised for
Pelt Production |
Corn and corn by-products
not to exceed 50% of the diet** |
60 ppm |
30 ppm |
| Poultry being
Raised for Slaughter |
Corn and corn by-products
not to exceed 50% of the diet** |
100 ppm |
50 ppm |
| All Other
Species or Classes of Livestock and Pet Animals |
Corn and corn by-products
not to exceed 50% of the diet** |
10 ppm |
5 ppm |
- Includes lactating
dairy cattle and hens laying eggs for human consumption.
** Dry weight basis.
Advisory levels for vomitoxin
(DON) in livestock feed
| Class
of Animal |
Feed Ingredients
&
Portion of Diet |
DON Levels
in Grains & Grain By-products and (Finished Feed) |
| Ruminating
beef and feedlot cattle older than 4 months |
Grain and grain by-products
not to exceed 50% of the diet |
10 ppm (5 ppm) |
Chickens
|
Grain and grain by-products
not to exceed 50% of the diet |
10 ppm (5 ppm) |
| Swine |
Grain and grain by-products
not to exceed 20% of the diet |
5 ppm (1 ppm) |
| All other
animals |
Grain and grain by-products
not to exceed 40% of the diet |
5 ppm (2 ppm) |
Ochratoxin A
- Produced by Aspergillus
sp. (A. ochraceus) and Penicillium sp. (P.
viridicatum)
- Highest levels usually
found in cereal grains (corn, barley, wheat and rye)
- At least nine ochratoxins
identified, but ochratoxin A is the most common and has the greatest
toxicological significance
- Nephrotoxic and
a suspected carcinogen
- No FDA action, advisory
or guidance levels established for ochratoxin A in US feed
Zearalenone
- Produced by Fusarium
sp. (primarily F. graminearum)
- Common substrates
are corn, wheat, barley, occasionally oats
- Production favored
by high humidity and low temperatures
- Estrogenic mycotoxin,
swine most susceptible – vulvar swelling in gilts
- Toxicity related
to reproductive system
- No FDA action, advisory
or guidance levels established for zearalenone in US feed
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